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Wingtip Vortices and Wake Turbulence

Pilot Institute

Pilots avoid vortices by maintaining safe separation and adjusting flight paths. Vortex size is also affected by proximity to the ground. If youre flying low enough to be in ground effect, the vortex isnt able to fully develop. Key Takeaways Wingtip vortices, not engine exhaust, create the strongest wake turbulence.

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What Is Ground Effect?

Pilot Institute

It’s not magic—it’s ground effect. When you’re flying near the ground, within one wingspan, the aerodynamic forces start to change. Ground effect is a phenomenon that every pilot must master. Key Takeaways Ground effect increases an aircraft’s lift and decreases drag.

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Quiz: Understanding Aircraft Performance

Flight Training Central

What is ground effect? Ground effect is most likely to result in which problem? Floating caused by the phenomenon of ground effect will be most realized during an approach to land when at less than the length of the wingspan above the surface. Becoming airborne before reaching recommended takeoff speed.

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High Wing or Low Wing – Which Trainer Should I Choose?

Flight Training Central

Because birds were designed by God and he created them with high wings”- quote by the late John Frank, Cessna Pilots Association. You don’t have to hang around airports, airplanes or pilots very long until someone will crank up the high wing versus low wing debate. “Low wing airplanes were designed by the very devil himself.

Lift 97
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Jeju Air flight 2216

Fear of Landing

This was done early in the program (737-100/200) because it was discovered the 737 was prone to float in ground effect enough that it could prevent WoW from going true after touchdown – same with wheel speed. In other words, it’s highly unlikely that pilots were attempting a go-around after touchdown.

Thrust 59
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Air Taxi Prototype Crash at Cotswold Airport

Fear of Landing

The five-seater aircraft (pilot and four passengers) is pitched as an urban air taxi, with plenty of room for luggage. The prototype is designed as a piloted aircraft but the initial test flight in July 2023 was unmanned. A second pilot maintained visual contact with the aircraft. G-EVTL lifted off with all EPUs operating.

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How to fly a perfect soft field approach and landing

Flight Training Central

A pilot needs to control the airplane in a manner that the wings support the weight of the airplane as long as practical to minimize stresses imposed on the landing gear by a rough surface or to prevent sinking into a soft surface. Allow the airspeed to slowly dissipate while the airplane is flown just above the surface in ground effect.