Altimeter Instrument Landing System VOR 
Pilot Institute
JANUARY 27, 2025
To understand why the six primary instruments look the way they do, you need to have a basic understanding of how they function. The six primary instruments (the six-pack) are the Attitude Indicator (AI), Heading Indicator (HI), Turn Coordinator, Airspeed Indicator, Altimeter, and the Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI).
Pilot Institute
FEBRUARY 15, 2025
Before RNAV, pilots had to rely on radios (NAVAIDs) and antennas on the ground such as VORs (Very High-Frequency Omnidirectional Range) and NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons). But these systems had some problems, like not being able to work over water, or if there was something in the way of the transmitter and the aircrafts receiver.
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